Boucadair Internet-Draft Orange Intended status: Standards Track T. Reddy Expires: May 19, 2021 McAfee November 15, 2020 Distributed-Denial-of-Service Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) Agent Discovery draft-ietf-dots-server-discovery-15 Abstract This document specifies mechanisms to configure Distributed Denial of Service Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) clients with their DOTS servers. Microsoft.NET Framework 4.5/4.5.1/4.5.2 2 (2977766) Denial of Service Important None Windows RT 8.1 Microsoft.NET Framework 4.5.1/4.5.2 2 (2977765) Denial of Service Important None.Server Core installation option. Windows Server 2008 R2 for x64-based Systems Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation). This could allow for a denial-of-service condition once the process stops running. THREAT INTELLIGENCE: There are currently no reports of these vulnerabilities being exploited in the wild. SYSTEMS AFFECTED: PHP 7.2.4 Prior to Version 7.3.17; PHP 7.3.2 Prior to Version 7.4.5; PHP 7.2 Prior to Version 7.2.30; RISK. Canon Service Tool free download - Free Snipping Tool, Canon Utilities PhotoStitch, Canon LASER SHOT LBP-1120, and many more programs.
Updated: October 30, 2020
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are now everyday occurrences. Whether you’re a small non-profit or a huge multinational conglomerate, your online services—email, websites, anything that faces the internet—can be slowed or completely stopped by a DDoS attack. Moreover, DDoS attacks are sometimes used to distract your cybersecurity operations while other criminal activity, such as data theft or network infiltration, is underway.
DDoS are Attacks Getting Bigger, More Frequent
The first known Distributed Denial of Service attack occurred in 1996 when Panix, now one of the oldest internet service providers, was knocked offline for several days by a SYN flood, a technique that has become a classic DDoS attack. Over the next few years DDoS attacks became common and Cisco predicts that the total number of DDoS attacks will double from the 7.9 million seen in 2018 to something over 15 million by 2023.
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Total DDoS Attacks
Figure 1. Cisco’s analysis of DDoS total attacks history and predictions.
But it’s not just the number of DDoS attacks that are increasing. The bad guys are creating ever bigger botnets – the armies of hacked devices that are used to generate DDoS traffic. As the botnets get bigger, the scale of DDoS attacks is also increasing. A Distributed Denial of Service attack of one gigabit per second is enough to knock most organizations off the internet but we’re now seeing peak attack sizes in excess of one terabit per second generated by hundreds of thousands or even millions of suborned devices. For more background about what’s technically involved in a Distributed Denial of Service attack, see our post What is a DDoS Attack?, and our video WHO, WHAT, WHY, WHERE of DDoS Attacks.
The Cost of DDoS Attacks
Given that IT services downtime costs companies anywhere from $300,000 to over $1,000,000 per hour, you can see that the financial hit from even a short DDoS attack could seriously damage your bottom line. To understand what impact a Distributed Denial of Service attack could have on your organization and your cybersecurity planning, please see our white paper How to Analyze the Business Impact of DDoS Attacks.
The Top-Five Most Famous DDoS Attacks (for Now)
To give you insight into what these attacks are like “in the wild,” we’re going to take a look at some of the most notable DDoS attacks to date. Our choices include some DDoS attacks that are famous for their sheer scale while our others are because of their impact and consequences.
1. The Google Attack, 2017
On October 16, 2020, Google’s Threat Analysis Group (TAG) posted a blog update discussing how the threats and threat actors are changing their tactics due to the 2020 U.S. election. At the end of the post, the company snuck in a note:
In 2017, our Security Reliability Engineering team measured a record-breaking UDP amplification attack sourced out of several Chinese ISPs (ASNs 4134, 4837, 58453, and 9394), which remains the largest bandwidth attack of which we are aware.
Launched from three Chinese ISPs, the attack on thousands of Google’s IP addresses lasted for six months and peaked at a breath-taking 2.5 Tbps. Damian Menscher, a Security Reliability Engineer at Google, wrote:
The attacker used several networks to spoof 167 Mpps (millions of packets per second) to 180,000 exposed CLDAP, DNS, and SMTP servers, which would then send large responses to us. This demonstrates the volumes a well-resourced attacker can achieve. This was four times larger than the record-breaking 623 Gbps attack from the Mirai botnet a year earlier.
2. The AWS DDoS Attack in 2020
Amazon Web Services, the 800-pound gorilla of everything cloud computing, was hit by a gigantic DDoS attack in February 2020. This was the most extreme recent DDoS attack ever and it targeted an unidentified AWS customer using a technique called Connectionless Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (CLDAP) Reflection. This technique relies on vulnerable third-party CLDAP servers and amplifies the amount of data sent to the victim’s IP address by 56 to 70 times. The attack lasted for three days and peaked at an astounding 2.3 terabytes per second.
Why the AWS Attack Matters
While the disruption caused by the AWS DDoS Attack was far less severe than it could have been, the sheer scale of the attack and the implications for AWS hosting customers potentially losing revenue and suffering brand damage are significant.
3. The Mirai Krebs and OVH DDoS Attacks in 2016
On September 20, 2016, the blog of cybersecurity expert Brian Krebs was assaulted by a DDoS attack in excess of 620 Gbps, which at the time, was the largest attack ever seen. Krebs’ site had been attacked before. Krebs had recorded 269 DDoS attacks since July 2012, but this attack was almost three times bigger than anything his site or, for that matter, the internet had seen before.
The source of the attack was the Mirai botnet, which, at its peak later that year, consisted of more than 600,000 compromised Internet of Things (IoT) devices such as IP cameras, home routers, and video players. The Mirai botnet had been discovered in August that same year but the attack on Krebs’ blog was its first big outing.
The next Mirai botnet attack on September 19 targeted one of the largest European hosting providers, OVH, which hosts roughly 18 million applications for over one million clients. This attack was on a single undisclosed OVH customer and driven by an estimated 145,000 bots, generating a traffic load of up to 1.1 terabits per second, and lasted about seven days. But OVH was not to be the last Mirai botnet victim in 2016 … please see the next section.
Why the Mirai Krebs and OVH Attacks Matter
The Mirai botnet was a significant step up in how powerful a DDoS attack could be. The size and sophistication of the Mirai network was unprecedented as was the scale of the attacks and their focus.
Goodbye 3 5.2 Denial Of Service Tool Template
Video: What is Mirai and How do You Protect Yourself Against it?
4. The Mirai Dyn DDoS Attack in 2016
Before we discuss the third notable Mirai botnet DDoS attack of 2016, there’s one related event that should be mentioned. On September 30, someone claiming to be the author of the Mirai software released the source code on various hacker forums and the Mirai DDoS platform has been replicated and mutated scores of times since.
Figure 2. A map of internet outages in Europe and North America caused by the Dyn cyberattack October 2, 2016 / Source: DownDetector (CC BY-SA)
On October 21, 2016, Dyn, a major Domain Name Service (DNS) provider, was assaulted by a one terabit per second traffic flood that then became the new record for a DDoS attack. There’s some evidence that the DDoS attack may have actually achieved a rate of 1.5 terabits per second. The traffic tsunami knocked Dyn’s services offline rendering a number of high-profile websites including GitHub, HBO, Twitter, Reddit, PayPal, Netflix, and Airbnb, inaccessible. Kyle York, Dyn’s chief strategy officer, reported, “We observed 10s of millions of discrete IP addresses associated with the Mirai botnet that were part of the attack.”
Why the Mirai Dyn Attack Matters
Mirai supports complex, multi-vector attacks that make mitigation difficult. Even though the Mirai botnet was responsible for the biggest assaults up to that time, the most notable thing about the 2016 Mirai attacks was the release of the Mirai source code enabling anyone with modest information technology skills to create a botnet and mount a Distributed Denial of Service attack without much effort.
5. The Six Banks DDoS Attack in 2012
On March 12, 2012, six U.S. banks were targeted by a wave of DDoS attacks—Bank of America, JPMorgan Chase, U.S. Bank, Citigroup, Wells Fargo, and PNC Bank. The attacks were carried out by hundreds of hijacked servers from a botnet called Brobot with each attack generating over 60 gigabits of DDoS attack traffic per second.
At the time, these attacks were unique in their persistence. Rather than trying to execute one attack and then backing down, the perpetrators barraged their targets with a multitude of attack methods in order to find one that worked. So, even if a bank was equipped to deal with a few types of DDoS attacks, they were helpless against other types of attack.
Why the Six Banks Attack Matters
The most remarkable aspect of the bank attacks in 2012 was that the attacks were, allegedly, carried out by the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military wing of the Palestinian Hamas organization. Moreover, the attacks had a huge impact on the affected banks in terms of revenue, mitigation expenses, customer service issues, and the banks’ branding and image.
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Other Notable Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
6. The GitHub Attack in 2018
On Feb. 28, 2018, GitHub—a platform for software developers—was hit with a DDoS attack that clocked in at 1.35 terabits per second and lasted for roughly 20 minutes. According to GitHub, the traffic was traced back to “over a thousand different autonomous systems (ASNs) across tens of thousands of unique endpoints.”
The following chart shows just how much of a difference there was between normal traffic levels and those of the attack.
Figure 3. Chart of the February 2018 DDoS attack on GitHub. Source: Wired
Even though GitHub was well prepared for a DDoS attack their defenses were overwhelmed—they simply had no way of knowing that an attack of this scale would be launched. As GitHub explained in the company’s incident report: “Over the past year we have deployed additional transit to our facilities. We’ve more than doubled our transit capacity during that time, which has allowed us to withstand certain volumetric attacks without impact to users … Even still, attacks like this sometimes require the help of partners with larger transit networks to provide blocking and filtering.”
Why the GitHub Attack Matters
The GitHub DDoS attack was notable for its scale and the fact that the attack was staged by exploiting a standard command of Memcached, a database caching system for speeding up websites and networks. The Memcached DDoS attack technique is particularly effective as it provides an amplification factor – the ratio of the attacker’s request size to the amount of DDoS attack traffic generated – of up to a staggering 51,200 times.
7. Occupy Central, Hong Kong DDoS Attack in 2014
The multi-day PopVote DDoS attack was carried out in 2014 and targeted the Hong Kong-based grassroots movement known as Occupy Central, which was campaigning for a more democratic voting system.
In response to their activities, attackers sent large amounts of traffic to three of Occupy Central’s web hosting services, as well as two independent sites, PopVote, an online mock election site, and Apple Daily, a news site, neither of which were owned by Occupy Central but openly supported its cause. Presumably, those responsible were reacting to Occupy Central’s pro-democracy message.
The attack barraged the Occupy Central servers with packets disguised as legitimate traffic and was executed using not one, not two, but five botnets and resulted in peak traffic levels of 500 gigabits per second.
Why the Occupy Central Attack Matters
It was reported that the attackers were probably connected to the Chinese government, there has never been conclusive proof and, perversely, the attack could have been intended to make the Chinese government look bad. The attack may have also provided cover for hackers who managed to extract Occupy Central staff details from a database to mount an extensive subsequent phishing campaign.
8. The CloudFlare DDoS Attack in 2014
In 2014, CloudFlare, a cybersecurity provider and content delivery network, was slammed by a DDoS attack estimated at approximately 400 gigabits per second of traffic. The attack, directed at a single CloudFlare customer and targeted on servers in Europe, was launched using a vulnerability in the Network Time Protocol (NTP) protocol which is used to ensure computer clocks are accurate. Even though the attack was directed at just one of CloudFlare’s customers, it was so powerful it significantly degraded CloudFlare’s own network.
Why the CloudFlare Attack Matters
This attack illustrates a technique where attackers use spoofed source addresses to send fake NTP server responses to the attack target’s servers. This type of attack is known as a “reflection attack,” since the attacker is able to “bounce” bogus requests off of the NTP server while hiding their own address and due to a weakness in the NTP protocol, the amplification factor of the attack can be up to 206 times, making NTP servers a very effective DDoS tool. Shortly after the attack, the U.S. Computer Emergency Readiness team explained NTP amplification attacks are, “especially difficult to block” because “responses are legitimate data coming from valid servers.”
9. The Spamhaus DDoS Attack in 2013
In 2013, a huge DDoS attack was launched against Spamhaus, a nonprofit threat intelligence provider. Although Spamhaus, as an anti-spam organization, was and still is regularly threatened and attacked and had DDoS protection services already in place, this attack—a reflection attack estimated at 300 gigabits of traffic per second—was large enough to knock its website and part of its email services offline.
Why the Spamhaus Attack Matters
The cyberattack was traced to a member of a Dutch company named Cyberbunker, which had apparently targeted Spamhaus after it blacklisted the company for spamming. This illustrates that companies and or rogue employees can mount DDoS attacks with immense brand damaging and serious legal consequences.
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This chapter describes how to create ADF data controls for SOAP and REST web services so that you can better use those services in the user interface.
This chapter includes the following sections:
5.1 About Web Services in Fusion Web Applications
Web services allow enterprises to expose business functionality irrespective of the platform or language of the originating application because the business functionality is exposed in such a way that it is abstracted to a message composed of standard XML constructs that can be recognized and used by other applications.
Web services are modular business services that can be easily integrated and reused, and it is this that makes them ideally suited as components within SOA. JDeveloper helps you to create top-down web services (services created starting from a WSDL), bottom-up web services (created from the underlying implementation such as a Java class or a PL/SQL stored procedure in a database), and services created from existing functionality, such as exposing an application module as a service.
5.1.1 Web Services Use Cases and Examples
You can consume web services in web applications, and common reasons for wanting to do so are:
To add functionality which would be time-consuming to develop with the application, but which is readily available as a web service
To access an application that runs on different architecture
To access an application that is owned by another team when their application must be independently installed, upgraded, and maintained, especially when its data is not replicated locally (for example, when other methods of accessing their application cannot be used)
5.1.2 Additional Functionality for Web Services in Fusion Applications
You may find it helpful to understand other Oracle ADF features before you start working with web services. Following are links to other functionality that may be of interest.
You can design a databound user interface by dragging an item from the Data Controls panel and dropping it on a page as a specific UI component. For more information, see Section 2.3.1, 'How to Use the Data Controls Panel.'
If you are working behind a firewall and you want to use a web service that is outside the firewall, you must configure the web browser and proxy settings in JDeveloper, as described in 'Setting Browser Proxy Information' in Developing Fusion Web Applications with Oracle Application Development Framework.
The following chapters provide information about specific objects you can use in data controls:
For information about using collections on a data control to create forms, see 'Creating a Basic Databound Page' in Developing Fusion Web Applications with Oracle Application Development Framework.
For information about using collections to create tables, see 'Creating ADF Databound Tables' in Developing Fusion Web Applications with Oracle Application Development Framework.
For information about using master-detail relationships to create UI components, see 'Displaying Master-Detail Data' in Developing Fusion Web Applications with Oracle Application Development Framework.
For information about creating lists, see 'Creating Databound Selection Lists and Shuttles' in Developing Fusion Web Applications with Oracle Application Development Framework.
For information about creating graphs, charts, and other visualization UI components, see 'Creating Databound Graph and Gauge Components' in Developing Fusion Web Applications with Oracle Application Development Framework.
5.2 Creating Web Service Data Controls
The most common way of using web services in an application developed using Oracle ADF is to create a data control for an external web service. A typical reason for doing this is to add functionality that is readily available as a web service, but which would be time consuming to develop with the application, or to access an application that runs on a different architecture.
Additionally, you can reuse components created by Oracle ADF to make them available as web services for other applications to access.
5.2.1 How to Create a Data Control for a SOAP-based Web Service
JDeveloper allows you to create a data control for an existing web service using just the WSDL for the service. You can browse to a WSDL on the local file system, locate one in a UDDI registry, or enter the WSDL URL directly.
Note:
If you are working behind a firewall and you want to use a web service that is outside the firewall, you must configure the web browser and proxy settings in JDeveloper. For more information, see 'Setting Browser Proxy Information' in Developing Fusion Web Applications with Oracle Application Development Framework.
Before you begin:
It may be helpful to have an understanding of how web service data controls are used in Fusion web applications. For more information, see Section 5.2, 'Creating Web Service Data Controls.'
You may also find it helpful to understand additional functionality that can be added using other web services features. For more information, see Section 5.1.2, 'Additional Functionality for Web Services in Fusion Applications.'
You will need to complete this task:
Create an application workspace and a project in that workspace. Depending on how you are organizing your projects, you can use an existing application workspace and project or create new ones. For information on creating an application workspace, see 'Creating Applications and Projects' in Developing Applications with Oracle JDeveloper.
To create a data control for a SOAP-based web service:
In the Applications window, right-click the project in which you want to create a web service data control and choose New > From Gallery.
In the New Gallery, expand Business Tier, select Web Services and then Web Service Data Control (SOAP/REST), and click OK.
In the Create Web Service Data Control wizard, on the Data Source page, type a name for the data control, select the SOAP radio button, enter a WSDL URL, and the specify the specific web service to be accessed by the data control.
On the Data Control Operations page, shuttle the operations that you want the data control to support to the Selected panel.
Optionally, select the Include HTTP Header Parameter checkbox. For more information, see Section 5.2.3, 'How to Include a Header Parameter for a Web Service Data Control.'
On the Response Format page, specify the format of the SOAP response.
On the Endpoint Authentication page, specify the authentication details for the endpoint URL, and click Finish.
5.2.2 How to Create a Data Control for a RESTful Web Service
JDeveloper allows you to create a data control for a REST web service using a connection to the web service and schema for the methods that you want to invoke.
Before you begin:
It may be helpful to have an understanding of how web service data controls are used in Fusion web applications. For more information, see Section 5.1, 'About Web Services in Fusion Web Applications.'
You may also find it helpful to understand additional functionality that can be added using other web services features. For more information, see Section 5.1.2, 'Additional Functionality for Web Services in Fusion Applications.'
You will need to complete this task:
Create an application workspace and a project in that workspace. Depending on how you are organizing your projects, you can use an existing application workspace and project or create new ones. For information on creating an application workspace, see 'Creating Applications and Projects' in Developing Applications with Oracle JDeveloper.
To create a data control for a RESTful web service:
In the Applications window, right-click the project in which you want to create a web service data control and choose New > From Gallery.
In the New Gallery, expand Business Tier, select Web Services and then Web Service Data Control (SOAP/REST), and click OK.
In the Create Web Service Data Control wizard, on the Data Source page, specify a name for the data control and select the REST radio button.
In the Connection field, select the URL connection to use.
If you have not established a URL connection, click the Create a new URL connection icon to open the Create URL Connection dialog. In that dialog, enter a name for the connection and a base URL. Do not include any resources or parameters in the URL.
Note:
In the Create URL Connection dialog, you can click Test Connection to verify that you can connect to the URL. However, the URL's server may be configured to not accept requests on the base URL, meaning that the test will fail. Regardless of that fact, you can click OK to create the connection.
If you have such a base URL and would like to make sure that you can connect to the service, you can temporarily add a resource to the URL, test the connection, and then remove the resource before clicking OK.
On the Resources page, specify a resource for the connection by completing the following sub-steps for each resource:
Click the Add button to add a resource path.
Type the name of the resource path inline.
As part of the resource path you can also enter path parameters.
Enter any path parameters in the form
##paramName##. For example, if the web service to be accessed supplies stock quotes, the full URL for the resource for one of the stocks ishttp://www.example.com/quotes/ACOMPANY, and the path parameter name isticker, you would enter the following as the resource path:/quotes/##ticker##.Note:
You can also use a parameter to provide dynamic input for the source path (for example,
/##servicename##/##ticker##) where the user would be expected to also provide the service name (such asquote).If you wish to create any resources with query parameters (i.e. parameters that take the form
?ParamName=ParamValue), you can specify those parameters on the next page of the wizard.In the right side of the dialog, select one of the checkboxes to specify a REST method for the resource path and then type a name that you can use to identify that method in the Data Controls panel.
Repeat step 5 for each resource you would like to include in the data control.
Figure 5-1 shows the Resources page of the wizard with two resources entered, the second of which includes a path parameter. As shown in the figure, the second resource is selected and a GET method is specified for it.
Figure 5-1 Resources Page of Create Web Service Data Control Wizard
On the Method Details page, select a method and specify an XSD file that provides the response format for that method.
Tip:
If you do not have a schema for the response format, you can create one yourself by recreating the XML for the resource based on its documentation and then creating an XSD from that XML file. In JDeveloper, you can generate an XSD file from an XML document by choosing File > New > From Gallery > XML > XML Schema from XML Document.
If the method is a
PUTorPOSTmethod, specify a schema for the request payload in the Payload XSD field.For the selected method, specify any URL parameters and default values.
For parameters that were included in the resource path, the parameter names are included in the URL Parameters list. For these parameters, you need to fill in a default value.
For example, from the sample parameter shown in step 5,
tickerwould be the parameter name andACOMPANYcould be the default value.Optionally, select the Include HTTP Header Parameter checkbox. For more information, see Section 5.2.3, 'How to Include a Header Parameter for a Web Service Data Control.'
Repeat steps 7 through 10 for each method.
Figure 5-2 shows the Method Details page with the
getDetailsmethod selected, a response XSD specified, and default value set for itsdeptIdparameter.Figure 5-2 Method Details Page of the Create Web Service Data Control Wizard
On the Finish page, review the details of the data control to be generated, and click Finish.
5.2.3 How to Include a Header Parameter for a Web Service Data Control
When using a web service data control, you may want to add a custom parameter to the HTTP header when invoking the HTTP request. Such a parameter can be useful for a variety of purposes, including for security or for notifications. For example, you may want to add an enterprise ID to the HTTP header when invoking the request. This enterprise ID in the request allows the web service data control to specify which cloud service the request will be directed to.
To configure the web service data control to use a header parameter, you select Include Http Header Parameter in the Create Web Service Data Control wizard. For SOAP-based web service data controls, this is on the Data Control Operations page. For REST-based web service data controls, it is on the Method Details page.
After creating the data control, you will be able to see the HttpHeader parameter in the Data Controls panel under the Parameters node of the web service data control's methods. In addition, the AdapterDataControl element for the web service data control (in the .dcx file) contains an <httpHeaders paramName='HttpHeader'/> element.
To use the HttpHeader parameter, you will need to create a backing bean in the user interface project for the web service data control. The value for the HttpHeader parameter is provided through the backing bean. The backing bean must have a property of the type Map and the name/value pairs for the HTTP headers should be added to that property. Additionally, the Map must be of type <String, List<String>> or <String,String>, and you should expose the property with getter and setter methods, as shown Example 5-1.
Example 5-1 Backing Bean to Support Http Header Parameters in a Web Service Data Control
When you drag and drop the operation from the Data Controls panel onto a page as an ADF Parameter Form, remove the HttpHeader from the list of fields. Then, in the Edit Action Binding dialog, under the Parameters section specify the value for HttpHeader parameter by providing an expression that points to the backing bean Map property.
5.2.4 How to Adjust the Endpoint for a SOAP Web Service Data Control
After developing a web service data control, you can modify the endpoint. This is useful, for example, when you migrate the application from a test environment to production.
Before you begin:
It may be helpful to have an understanding of how web service data controls are used in Fusion web applications. For more information, see Section 5.2, 'Creating Web Service Data Controls.'
You may also find it helpful to understand additional functionality that can be added using other web services features. For more information, see Section 5.1.2, 'Additional Functionality for Web Services in Fusion Applications.'
To change the endpoint for a web service data control:
In the Applications window, select the
DataControls.dcxfile for the web service data control.In the Structure window, right-click the web service data control and choose Edit Web Service Connection.
In the Edit Web Service Connection dialog, make the necessary changes to the endpoint URL and port name.
Click OK.
5.2.5 How to Refresh a Web Service Data Control
After updating a SOAP-based web service data control, you might find that a web service operation has changed in its method signature, return type, or structure. When this happens, you can update the data control without having to re-create it.
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Before you begin:
It may be helpful to have an understanding of how web service data controls are used in Fusion web applications. For more information, see Section 5.2, 'Creating Web Service Data Controls.'
You may also find it helpful to understand additional functionality that can be added using other web services features. For more information, see Section 5.1.2, 'Additional Functionality for Web Services in Fusion Applications.'
To refresh an operation in a SOAP-based web service data control:
In the Applications window, select the
DataControls.dcxfile for the web service data control.In the Structure window, right-click the desired web service operation and choose Update.
JDeveloper queries the web service and updates the web service data control to reflect the current state of the selected operation.
5.2.6 What You May Need to Know About Primary Keys in SOAP-Based Web Service Data Controls
When you create a data control on a SOAP-based web service, the data control supports primary key operations on any exposed collection.
If the web service definition references a schema that defines an element or attribute as type xsd:ID, the data control will expose the attribute as a key attribute and make the setCurrentRowWithKey and setCurrentRowWithKeyValue data control operations available for the collection.
For example, your schema could set the deptno attribute as the primary key using the <xsd:attribute> element as shown below:
Or the schema could set the deptno attribute as the primary key using the <xsd:element> element as shown below:
Note:
The XSD entries shown above are generated at runtime if you have created the web service from a Java class and added the JAXB @XmlID annotation and either @XmlAttribute(required=true) or @XmlElement(required=true) to the field or the getter method representing the key.
If no ID is defined for a collection in one of the above ways, the data control creates a hidden attribute for the collection that serves as an index-based primary key. You can then use the setCurrentRowWithKey or setCurrentRowWithKeyValue data control operation to pass the index of the row.
Note:
If you do not see the setCurrentRowWithKey or setCurrentRowWithKeyValue operations for a collection in the Data Controls panel, you may need to manually update the DataControls.dcx file to have those operations exposed. To do so, open the Source view of the DataControls.dcx and change the value of the service's ensureKeyAttribute property to true. Then, in the Data Controls panel, click the Refresh icon to refresh the list of operations.
5.2.7 What You May Need to Know About Web Service Data Controls
As with other kinds of data controls, you can design a databound user interface by dragging an item from the Data Controls panel and dropping it on a page as a specific UI component. For more information, see Section 2.3.1, 'How to Use the Data Controls Panel.'
In the Data Controls panel, each data control object is represented by an icon. Table 5-1 describes what each icon represents, where it appears in the Data Controls panel hierarchy, and what components it can be used to create.
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Table 5-1 Data Controls Panel Icons and Object Hierarchy for Web Services
| Icon | Name | Description | Used to Create... |
|---|---|---|---|
Data Control | Represents a data control. You cannot use the data control itself to create UI components, but you can use any of the child objects listed under it. Typically, there is one data control for each web service. | Serves as a container for other objects and is not used to create anything. | |
Collection | Represents a data collection returned by an operation on the service. Collections also appear as children under method returns, other collections, or structured attributes. The children under a collection may be attributes, other collections, custom methods, and built-in operations that can be performed on the collection. | Forms, tables, graphs, trees, range navigation components, and master-detail components. For more information, see 'Creating a Basic Databound Page,'Creating ADF Databound Tables,'Displaying Master-Detail Data,' and 'Creating Databound Graph and Gauge Components' in Developing Fusion Web Applications with Oracle Application Development Framework. | |
Attribute | Represents a discrete data element in an object (for example, an attribute in a row). Attributes appear as children under the collections or method returns to which they belong. | Label, text field, date, list of values, and selection list components. For more information, see 'Creating Text Fields Using Data Control Attributes' in Developing Fusion Web Applications with Oracle Application Development Framework. | |
Structured Attribute | Represents a returned object that is a complex type but not a collection. For example, a structured attribute might represent a single user assigned to the current service request. | Label, text field, date, list of values, and selection list components. For more information, see 'Creating Text Fields Using Data Control Attributes' and 'Creating Databound Selection Lists and Shuttles' in Developing Fusion Web Applications with Oracle Application Development Framework. | |
Method | Represents an operation in the data control or one of its exposed structures that may accept parameters, perform some business logic and optionally return single value, a structure or a collection of those. | Command components. For methods that accept parameters: command components and parameterized forms. For more information, see 'Using Command Components to Invoke Functionality in the View Layer' | |
Method Return | Represents an object that is returned by a web service method. The returned object can be a single value or a collection. A method return appears as a child under the method that returns it. The objects that appear as children under a method return can be attributes of the collection, other methods that perform actions related to the parent collection, and operations that can be performed on the parent collection. When a single-value method return is dropped, the method is not invoked automatically by the framework. You should either drop the corresponding method as a button to invoke the method, or if working with task flows you can create a method activity for it. For more information about executables, see 'Executable Binding Objects Defined in the Page Definition File' in Developing Fusion Web Applications with Oracle Application Development Framework | The same components as for collections and attributes and for query forms. For more information on query forms, see 'Creating ADF Databound Search Forms' in Developing Fusion Web Applications with Oracle Application Development Framework. | |
Operation | Represents a built-in data control operation that performs actions on the parent object. Data control operations are located in an Operations node under collections. If an operation requires one or more parameters, they are listed in a Parameters node under the operation. The following operations for navigation and setting the current row are supported: | UI command components, such as buttons, links, and menus. For more information, see 'Creating Command Components Using Data Control Operations' and 'Creating an Input Form' in Developing Fusion Web Applications with Oracle Application Development Framework. | |
Parameter | Represents a parameter value that is declared by the method or operation under which it appears. Parameters appear in the Parameters node under a method or operation. Array and structured parameters are exposed as updatable structured attributes and collections under the data control, which can be dropped as an ADF form or an updatable table on the UI. You can use the UI to build a parameter that is an array or a complex object (not a standard Java type). | Label, text, and selection list components. |
5.3 Securing Web Service Data Controls
Web services allow applications to exchange data and information through defined application programming interfaces. SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) provides secure data transfer over unreliable networks, but SSL only works point to point. Once the data reaches the other end, the SSL security is removed and the data becomes accessible in its raw format. A complex web service transaction can have data in multiple messages being sent to different systems, and SSL cannot provide the end-to-end security that would keep the data invulnerable to eavesdropping.
Any form of security for web services has to address the following issues:
The authenticity and integrity of data
Data privacy and confidentiality
Authentication and authorization
Non-repudiation
Denial of service attacks
Throughout this section the 'client' is the web service data control, which sends SOAP or REST messages to a deployed web service. The deployed web service may be:
A web service running on Oracle WebLogic Server
A web service running anywhere in the world that is accessible through the Internet
5.3.1 Oracle WSM Policy Framework
You can use Oracle Web Services Manager (WSM) policy framework to manage and secure web services consistently across your organization. The policy framework is built using the WS-Policy standard, which unifies multiple technologies to make secure web services interoperable between systems and platforms.
Among others, the Oracle WSM Policy Framework addresses the following aspects of web services security issues:
Authentication and authorization
The identity of the sender of the data is verified, and the security system ensures that the sender has privileges to perform the data transaction.
The type of authentication can be a basic username/password pair transmitted in plain text, or trusted X509 certificate chains. SAML assertion tokens can also be used to allow the client to authenticate against the service, or allow it to participate in a federated SSO environment, where authenticated details are shared between domains in a vendor-independent manner.
Data authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation
XML digital signatures, which use industry-standard messages, digest algorithms to digitally sign the SOAP message.
Data privacy
XML encryption that uses industry-standard encryption algorithms to encrypt the message.
Denial of service attacks
Defines XML structures to time-stamp the SOAP message. The server uses the time stamp to invalidate the SOAP message after a defined interval.
For more information on web service security, see Understanding Oracle Web Services Manager
Goodbye 3 5.2 Denial Of Service Tool Set
5.3.2 Using Key Stores
A web service can be configured for message-level security using key stores. For more information about creating and using key stores for message protection, see Administering Web Services.
5.3.3 How to Define SOAP-Based Web Service Data Control Security
After you create a SOAP-based web service data control in a JDeveloper project, you can define security for the data control using the Edit Data Control Policies dialog.
Before you begin:
It may be helpful to have an understanding of how security is used in web service data controls. For more information, see Section 5.3, 'Securing Web Service Data Controls.'
Goodbye 3 5.2 Denial Of Service Tools
You may also find it helpful to understand additional functionality that can be added using other web services features. For more information, see Section 5.1.2, 'Additional Functionality for Web Services in Fusion Applications.'
To define security for a web service data control:
In the Applications window, select the web service data control
DataControls.dcxfile.In the Structure window, right-click the web service data control and choose Define Web Service Security.
JDeveloper displays the Edit Data Control Policies dialog, which shows the Policy Store location.
Note:
If you want to use an alternative policy store, you must first specify it in the WS Policy Store page of the Preferences dialog. To do so, from the main menu, choose Tools > Preferences and select the WS Policy Store page.
From the Ports dropdown list, select the port to which you want then specified policies applied.
From the MTOM dropdown list, select the MTOM (message transmission optimization mechanism) policy you want to use. If you leave this field blank, no MTOM policy is used.
From the Reliability dropdown list, select the reliability policy you want to use. If you leave this field blank, no reliability policy is used.
From the Addressing dropdown list, select the addressing policy you want to use. If you leave this field blank, no addressing policy is used.
In the Security list, you can optionally specify additional security policies to apply. To add a policy, select its checkbox.
In the Management list, you can optionally specify additional management policies to apply. To add a policy, select its checkbox.
If necessary, you can also remove policies from the Security list and the Management lists by deselecting their corresponding checkboxes.
You can optionally override properties for the policies in the Security list and the Management list by clicking Override Properties.
Click OK.
For more information about predefined policies and configuring policies and their properties, see Administering Web Services.